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Hematology & Coagulation
Hematology focuses on the physiology and pathology of blood and its components, including:
1. Red Blood Cells (RBCs): Disorders like anemia, polycythemia.
2. White Blood Cells (WBCs): Disorders like leukemia, lymphoma, and infections.
3. Platelets: Thrombocytopenia (low platelets), thrombocytosis (high platelets).
4. Bone Marrow: Conditions like aplastic anemia and bone marrow failure.
5. Hemoglobin: Diseases like sickle cell anemia and thalassemia.
Hematologists investigate:
• Blood cancers such as leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma.
• Bleeding and clotting disorders.
• Abnormalities in blood production.
Tests in hematology include complete blood counts (CBC), blood smears, bone marrow biopsy, and specific assays for various blood diseases.
1. Red Blood Cells (RBCs): Disorders like anemia, polycythemia.
2. White Blood Cells (WBCs): Disorders like leukemia, lymphoma, and infections.
3. Platelets: Thrombocytopenia (low platelets), thrombocytosis (high platelets).
4. Bone Marrow: Conditions like aplastic anemia and bone marrow failure.
5. Hemoglobin: Diseases like sickle cell anemia and thalassemia.
Hematologists investigate:
• Blood cancers such as leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma.
• Bleeding and clotting disorders.
• Abnormalities in blood production.
Tests in hematology include complete blood counts (CBC), blood smears, bone marrow biopsy, and specific assays for various blood diseases.
Coagulation studies the process of blood clotting and its regulation. This field focuses on the balance between bleeding and thrombosis (clot formation).
1. Coagulation Cascade: A complex series of enzymatic reactions that lead to the formation of a fibrin clot.
2. Bleeding Disorders: Conditions where clotting is insufficient, such as:
• Hemophilia (deficiency in clotting factors VIII or IX).
• von Willebrand Disease.
• Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC).
3. Thrombotic Disorders: Conditions with excessive clotting, such as:
• Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT).
• Pulmonary Embolism (PE).
• Antiphospholipid Syndrome.
Coagulation tests include:
• Prothrombin Time (PT) and International Normalized Ratio (INR): Assess extrinsic and common pathways of clotting.
• Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT): Evaluates the intrinsic and common pathways.
• D-dimer: Indicates active clot formation and breakdown.
• Platelet Function Tests: For disorders of platelet aggregation or adhesion.
1. Coagulation Cascade: A complex series of enzymatic reactions that lead to the formation of a fibrin clot.
2. Bleeding Disorders: Conditions where clotting is insufficient, such as:
• Hemophilia (deficiency in clotting factors VIII or IX).
• von Willebrand Disease.
• Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC).
3. Thrombotic Disorders: Conditions with excessive clotting, such as:
• Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT).
• Pulmonary Embolism (PE).
• Antiphospholipid Syndrome.
Coagulation tests include:
• Prothrombin Time (PT) and International Normalized Ratio (INR): Assess extrinsic and common pathways of clotting.
• Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT): Evaluates the intrinsic and common pathways.
• D-dimer: Indicates active clot formation and breakdown.
• Platelet Function Tests: For disorders of platelet aggregation or adhesion.
What We Know?
Both fields are interconnected, as many hematologic disorders have coagulation implications. A thorough understanding of both is essential for diagnosing and managing conditions like anemia, clotting disorders, and blood cancers.
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